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Page: Etiology
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The exact causes of the degenerative process remain unclear. There are, however, some theories and risk factors defined.
* Genetic influences: The influence of genetic factors is highly probable. The high familial prevalence rate is most notable in male individuals. There are many theories about the exact genetic disorder that could cause higher incidence of AAA among male members of the affected families. Some presumed that the influence of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency could be crucial, some experimental works favored the theory of X-linked mutation, which would explain the lower incidence in heterozygous females. Other theories of genetic etiology were also formulated.
* Hemodynamic influences: Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a focal degenerative process with predilection for the subrenal aorta. The histological structure and mechanical characteristics of subrenal aorta differ from those of the thoracic aorta. The diameter decreases from the root to the bifurcation, and the wall of the abdominal aorta also contains a lesser proportion of elastin. The mechanical tension in abdominal aortic wall is therefore higher than in the thoracic aortic wall. The elasticity and distensibility also decline with age, which can result in gradual dilatation of the segment. Higher intraluminal pressure in patients with arterial hypertension markedly contributes to the progression of the pathological process.
* Atherosclerosis: The AAA was long considered to be caused by atherosclerosis, because the walls of the AAA are frequently affected heavily. However, this theory cannot be used to explain the initial defect and the development of occlusion, which is observed in the process.
* Other causes: Other causes of the development of AAA include: infection, trauma, arteritis, cystic medial necrosis (m. Erdheim) and connective tissue disorders (e.g. Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome).
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