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Page: Epidemiology
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There are three common varieties of conjunctivitis, viral, allergic, and bacterial. Other causes of conjunctivitis include thermal and ultraviolet burns, chemicals, toxins, overuse of contact lenses, foreign bodies, vitamin deficiency, dry eye, dryness due to inadequate lid closure, exposure to chickens infected with Newcastle disease, epithelial dysplasia (pre-cancerous changes), and some conditions of unknown cause such as sarcoidosis.
Bacterial conjunctivitis
is most often caused by pyogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus from the patient's own skin or respiratory flora. Others are due to infection from the environment (e.g. insect-borne), from other people (usually by touch—especially in children), but occasionally via eye makeup or facial lotions. An example of this is conjunctivitis due to the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius.
Viral conjunctivitis
is spread by aerosol or contact of a variety of contagious viruses, including many that cause the common cold, so that it is often associated with upper respiratory tract symptoms.
It may also be caused by adenoviruses which was first identified in Chennai (Madras), India, during early 20th Century, hence the name "Madras Eye". This disease mostly appears during Rainy season and during winter months and spreads faster via air due to increased dampness and humidity.
Clusters of cases have been due to transfer from inadequately-sterilised ophthalmic instruments that make contact with the eye (e.g., tonometers).
Allergic conjunctivitis
occurs more frequently among those with allergic conditions, with the symptoms having a seasonal correlation. It can also be caused by allergies to substances such as cosmetics, perfume, protein deposits on contact lenses, or drugs. It usually affects both eyes, and is accompanied by swollen eyelids.
Irritant, toxic, thermal and chemical conjunctivitis
are associated with exposure to the specific agents, such as flame burns, irritant plant saps, irritant gases (e.g., chlorine or hydrochloric acid ("pool acid") fumes), natural toxins (e.g., ricin picked up by handling castor oil bean necklaces), or splash injury from an enormous variety of industrial chemicals, the most dangerous being strongly alkaline materials.
Xerophthalmia
Xerophthalmia is a term that usually implies a destructive dryness of the conjunctival epithelium due to dietary vitamin A deficiency—a condition virtually forgotten in developed countries, but still causing much damage in developing countries. Other forms of dry eye are associated with aging, poor lid closure, scarring from previous injury, or autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and these can all cause chronic conjunctivitis.
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Important notice:
The content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other
qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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